Management
Henri Fayol
Henri Fayol was a French mining engineer and director of mines who developed a general theory of business administration. He and his colleagues developed this theory independently of scientific management but roughly contemporaneously. He is the father of Management...
Born: July 29, 1841, Constantinople Died: November 19, 1925, Paris Frederick Winslow Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He is regarded as the father of scientific management and was one of the first management consultants. Born: March 20, 1856, Philadelphia Died: March 21, 1915, Philadelphia Education: Stevens Institute of Technology, Phillips Exeter Academy Definition: According to Henri Fayol, "To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control." According to the management guru Peter F. Drucker (1909-2005), the basic task of a management is twofold: marketing and innovation. According to English statesman Sir Thomas More (1478-1535), As a discipline, management consists of the interlocking functions of formulating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing an organization's resources to achieve the policy's objectives. Management is the process of achieving organizational set up goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources. Management has the following 3 characteristics:
According to Theo Heimann, management has three different meanings,
According to Mary Parker Follet, "Management is the art of getting things done with and through people." According to Harold Koontz, "Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organised groups." According to Robbins and Culter, “ Management refers to the process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and integrating work activities so that these can be done effectively and efficiently with and through other people ” According to Griffin (2002), “Management is a set of activities directed at organization’s resources with the aim of achieving organizational goals, in an effective and and efficient manner” At the recent time, business management comes to consist of seven separate branches, namely:
Basic functions Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, staffing, leading/directing, controlling/monitoring and motivation.
 Planning means looking ahead and thinking about future courses of action to be followed. It is a preparatory step. It is a systematic activity which determines When, How and Who is going to perform a specific job. Planning is a detailed program regarding future courses of action. It is rightly said “Well plan is half done”.. According to Urwick, “Planning is a mental predisposition to do things in orderly way, to think before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than guesses”. Planning is deciding best alternative among others to perform different managerial functions in order to achieve predetermined goals. According to Koontz & O’Donell, “Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it. Planning bridges the gap between where we are to, where we want to go. It makes possible things to occur which would not otherwise occur”. Steps in Planning Function Planning function of management involves following steps:- Establishment of objectives Establishment of planning premises Choice of alternative course of action Formulation of derivative plans Securing Co-operation Follow up/Appraisal of plans
According to Chester Barnard, “Organizing is a function by which the concern is able to define the role positions, the jobs related and the co- ordination between authority and responsibility. Hence, a manager always has to organize in order to get results. A manager performs organizing function with the help of following steps:- Identification of activities Departmentally organizing the activities Classifying the authority Co-ordination between authority and responsibility  According to Theo Haimann, “Staffing pertains to recruitment, selection, development and compensation of subordinates.”
 Leading is another of the basic function within the management process According to Richard Daft "Leading is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals" Managers must be able to make employees want to participate in achieving an organization's goals. Three components make up the leading function: Motivating employees Influencing employees Forming effective groups
 The final phase of the management process is controlling. According to Richard Daft "Controlling means monitoring employees' activities, determining whether the organization is on target toward its goals, and making correction as necessary Controlling ensures that, through effective leading, what has been planned and organized to take place has in fact taken place. Three basic components constitute the control function:
Controlling is ongoing process. An effective control function determines whether the organization is on target toward its goals and makes corrections as necessary. These all managerial functions are necessary and are related and interrelated to each other. Features of Management The nature, main characteristics or features of management are :- 1. Continuous and never ending process Management is a Process. It includes four main functions, Planning, Organizing, Directing and Controlling. The manager has to Plan and organize all the activities. He had to give proper Directions to his subordinates. He also has to Control all the activities. The manager has to perform these functions continuously. Therefore, management is a continuous and never ending process. 2. Getting things done through people The managers do not do the work themselves. They get the work done through the workers. The workers should not be treated like slaves. They should not be tricked, threatened or forced to do the work. A favorable work environment should be created and maintained. 3. Result oriented science and art Management is result oriented because it gives a lot of importance to "Results". Examples of Results like, increase in market share, increase in profits, etc. Management always wants to get the best results at all times. 4. Multidisciplinary in nature Management has to get the work done through people. It has to manage people. This is a very difficult job because different people have different emotions, feelings, aspirations, etc. Similarly, the same person may have different emotions at different times. So, management is a very complex job. Therefore, management uses knowledge from many different subjects such as Economics, Information Technology, Psychology, Sociology, etc. Therefore, it is multidisciplinary in nature. 5. A group and not an individual activity Management is not an individual activity. It is a group activity. It uses group (employees) efforts to achieve group (owners) objectives. It tries to satisfy the needs and wants of a group (consumers). Nowadays, importance is given to the team (group) and not to individuals. 6. Follows established principles or rules Management follows established principles, such as division of work, discipline, unity of command, etc. These principles help to prevent and solve the problems in the organisation. 7. Aided but not replaced by computers Now a days, all managers use computers. Computers help the managers to take accurate decisions. However, computers can only help management. Computers cannot replace management. This is because management takes the final responsibility. Thus Management is aided (helped) but not replaced by computers. 8. Situational in nature Management makes plans, policies and decisions according to the situation. It changes its style according to the situation. It uses different plans, policies, decisions and styles for different situations. The manager first studies the full present situation. Then he draws conclusions about the situation. Then he makes plans, decisions, etc., which are best for the present situation. This is called Situational Management. 9. Need not be an ownership In small organizations, management and ownership are one and the same. However, in large organizations, management is separate from ownership. The managers are highly qualified professionals who are hired from outside. The owners are the shareholders of the company. 10. Both an art and science Management is result-oriented. Therefore, it is an Art. Management conducts continuous research. Thus, it is also a Science. 11. Management is all pervasive Management is necessary for running a business. It is also essential for running business, educational, charitable and religious institutions. Management is a must for all activities, and therefore, it is all pervasive. 12. Management is intangible Management is intangible, i.e. it cannot be seen and touched, but it can be felt and realized by its results. The success or failure of management can be judged only by its results. If there is good discipline, good productivity, good profits, etc., then the management is successful and vice-versa. 13. Use a professional approach in work Managers use a professional approach for getting the work done from their subordinates. They delegate (i.e. give) authority to their subordinates. They ask their subordinates to give suggestions for improving their work. They also encourage subordinates to take the initiative. Initiative means to do the right thing at the right time without being guided or helped by the superior. 14. Management is dynamic in nature Management is dynamic in nature. That is, management is creative and innovative. An organization will survive and succeed only if it is dynamic. It must continuously bring in new and creative ideas, new products, new product features, new ads, new marketing techniques, etc. Basic roles
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